Introducció als Condicionals

Els condicionals són estructures gramaticals que expressen situacions hipotètiques i les seves conseqüències. Són fonamentals per comunicar possibilitats, probabilitats i relacions causa-efecte en anglès acadèmic i professional.

Què són els Condicionals?

Els condicionals anglesos permeten expressar:

  • Fets generals i veritats científiques - situacions que sempre ocorren
  • Possibilitats reals futures - esdeveniments probables
  • Situacions hipotètiques - escenaris imaginaris o improbables
  • Situacions passades no realitzades - reflexions sobre el passat

Zero Conditional - Veritats Generals

Ús i Aplicació

S'utilitza per expressar fets científics, veritats universals i situacions que sempre succeeixen sota certes condicions.

If + Present Simple, Present Simple
Exemples:
• If you heat water to 100°C, it boils.
• If it rains heavily, the streets flood.
• If students don't study, they fail exams.

First Conditional - Possibilitats Reals

Ús i Aplicació

S'empra per a situacions futures probables o possibles, plans i prediccions basades en condicions realistes.

If + Present Simple, Will + Base Verb
Exemples:
• If it rains tomorrow, we will cancel the outdoor event.
• If you submit your assignment on time, you will receive full marks.
• If the economy improves, unemployment will decrease.

Second Conditional - Situacions Hipotètiques

Ús i Aplicació

S'utilitza per a situacions imaginaries, improbables o contràries a la realitat actual. També per donar consells de manera educada.

If + Past Simple, Would + Base Verb
Exemples:
• If I had unlimited resources, I would solve world hunger.
• If I were the president, I would implement educational reforms.
• If technology advanced faster, we would colonize Mars.

Third Conditional - Situacions Passades No Realitzades

Ús i Aplicació

S'empra per reflexionar sobre situacions passades que no van ocórrer i imaginar les seves possibles conseqüències. Expressa penediment o especulació sobre el passat.

If + Past Perfect, Would Have + Past Participle
Exemples:
• If I had studied medicine, I would have become a doctor.
• If we had invested earlier, we would have made significant profits.
• If she had taken the job offer, she would have moved to London.

Exercicis Pràctics - Conditionals

Seleccioneu la forma correcta del condicional per a cada oració. Analitzeu si la situació és real, hipotètica o fa referència al passat.

1. If I _____ in your position, I would seek professional advice immediately.
were
am
will be
had been
2. If the weather _____ favorable tomorrow, the conference will proceed as scheduled.
is
was
will be
had been
3. If you mix hydrogen and oxygen under specific conditions, you _____ water.
get
will get
would get
would have gotten
4. If she _____ the research proposal last month, she would have received the grant.
submits
submitted
had submitted
would submit
5. If global warming _____ at this rate, sea levels would rise dramatically.
continues
continued
will continue
had continued
6. If students _____ regularly, they perform better on exams.
study
will study
studied
had studied
7. If we _____ the meeting earlier, we wouldn't have missed the deadline.
schedule
scheduled
had scheduled
would schedule
8. If the company _____ its marketing strategy, it will increase sales.
improves
improved
will improve
had improved
9. If I _____ more time, I would learn three languages fluently.
have
had
will have
had had
10. If you press this button, the machine _____ automatically.
starts
will start
would start
would have started
11. If they _____ the contract yesterday, the project would have started today.
sign
signed
had signed
would sign
12. If the government _____ taxes, people will have more disposable income.
reduces
reduced
will reduce
had reduced
13. If I _____ a famous author, I would write novels about social justice.
am
were
will be
had been
14. If water _____ below 0°C, it freezes into ice.
drops
will drop
dropped
had dropped
15. If she _____ the job interview better, she would have gotten the position.
prepares
prepared
had prepared
would prepare
16. If the team _____ harder next season, they will win the championship.
trains
trained
will train
had trained
17. If technology _____ more advanced, we would solve many global problems.
is
were
will be
had been
18. If you _____ the instructions carefully, you avoid making mistakes.
follow
will follow
followed
had followed
19. If we _____ renewable energy earlier, climate change wouldn't be so severe now.
adopt
adopted
had adopted
would adopt
20. If the economy _____ stable next year, unemployment rates will decrease significantly.
remains
remained
will remain
had remained

Resultats - Conditionals

Puntuació: 0/20

Continueu practicant per dominar els condicionals!

Resum Executiu:

  • Zero Conditional: Fets generals (If + present, present)
  • First Conditional: Possibilitats reals (If + present, will)
  • Second Conditional: Situacions hipotètiques (If + past, would)
  • Third Conditional: Passat no realitzat (If + past perfect, would have)

Introducció a la Veu Passiva

La veu passiva és una estructura gramatical que canvia l'èmfasi de l'oració, posant el focus en l'acció o el resultat més que en qui la realitza. És essencial en contextos acadèmics, científics i professionals.

Què és la Veu Passiva?

La veu passiva s'utilitza per:

  • Canviar l'èmfasi - del subjecte a l'objecte de l'acció
  • Crear un registre formal - especialment en textos acadèmics
  • Ometre l'agent - quan no sabem o no és rellevant qui fa l'acció
  • Evitar responsabilitats - en contextos diplomàtics o empresarials

Formació de la Veu Passiva

Estructura Bàsica

La veu passiva es forma amb el verb "to be" + participi passat del verb principal.

Subject + BE (conjugated) + Past Participle + (by + agent)
Transformació Activa → Passiva:
• Active: The company launched the product.
• Passive: The product was launched (by the company).

• Active: Scientists will conduct the research.
• Passive: The research will be conducted (by scientists).

Veu Passiva amb Diferents Temps

Temps Verbals Principals

La veu passiva pot utilitzar-se amb tots els temps verbals principals:

Present Simple: The reports are written monthly.
Past Simple: The building was constructed in 1995.
Present Perfect: The project has been completed.
Future Simple: The results will be announced tomorrow.
Present Continuous: The system is being updated.
Past Continuous: The meeting was being recorded.

Usos i Contexts de la Veu Passiva

Contexts Apropiats

La veu passiva és especialment útil en:

  • Textos científics: "The experiment was conducted under controlled conditions."
  • Informes empresarials: "Significant improvements have been implemented."
  • Notícies: "The suspect was arrested yesterday evening."
  • Processos: "The data is analyzed and the results are published."
Exemples per Context:
• Academic: "The hypothesis was tested using statistical methods."
• Business: "The proposal has been approved by the board."
• News: "The new policy was announced by the government."
• Process: "The materials are sorted and then recycled."

Veu Passiva amb Verbs Modals

Estructura amb Modals

Els verbs modals també poden utilitzar-se en veu passiva per expressar possibilitat, necessitat o obligació.

Modal + BE + Past Participle
Exemples amb Modals:
• The problem must be solved immediately.
• The documents should be reviewed carefully.
• The meeting can be postponed until next week.
• The report might be published next month.
• The system could be improved with new software.

Exercicis Pràctics - Passive Voice

Seleccioneu la forma correcta de la veu passiva per a cada oració. Considereu el temps verbal i el context apropiat.

1. The new software _____ by our IT department next month.
will be installed
will install
is installing
has installed
2. The research _____ under strict laboratory conditions.
conducted
was conducted
has conducted
will conduct
3. The documents _____ carefully before the meeting.
should review
should be reviewed
should reviewing
should have review
4. The project _____ successfully last week.
has completed
completes
was completed
will complete
5. The system _____ right now, so please wait.
updates
is updating
is being updated
has been updated
6. The results _____ in tomorrow's newspaper.
will be published
will publish
are publishing
have published
7. The building _____ by a famous architect in the 1960s.
designed
was designed
has designed
is designed
8. The problem _____ yet, we're still working on it.
hasn't solved
hasn't been solved
isn't solving
won't solve
9. The meeting _____ to next Friday due to scheduling conflicts.
postponed
has been postponed
is postponing
will postpone
10. The data _____ carefully before any conclusions are drawn.
must analyze
must be analyzed
must analyzing
must have analyzed
11. The new policy _____ by the board of directors yesterday.
approved
was approved
has approved
is approved
12. The report _____ when I arrived at the office this morning.
was printing
was being printed
has been printed
had printed
13. The contract _____ by both parties before the deadline.
should sign
should be signed
should have sign
should signing
14. The experiment _____ three times to ensure accuracy.
repeated
was repeated
has repeated
is repeating
15. The website _____ regularly to keep the information current.
updates
is updated
has updated
will update
16. The decision _____ after careful consideration of all factors.
made
has made
was made
is making
17. The presentation _____ to all department heads next week.
will be given
will give
is giving
has given
18. The equipment _____ before the technicians arrived.
already repaired
had already been repaired
already repairs
was already repairing
19. The proposal _____ by the committee for further review.
has rejected
has been rejected
is rejecting
will reject
20. The software _____ if there are any compatibility issues.
might update
might be updated
might updating
might have update

Resultats - Passive Voice

Puntuació: 0/20

Continueu practicant la veu passiva!

Resum Executiu:

  • Formació: BE + Past Participle
  • Usos: Èmfasi en l'acció, registre formal, agent desconegut
  • Temps: Tots els temps verbals poden ser passius
  • Modals: Modal + be + past participle

Introducció a Have/Get Something Done

Les estructures causatives "have something done" i "get something done" s'utilitzen per expressar que algú altre realitza una acció per nosaltres. Són essencials per comunicar serveis professionals i tasques delegades.

Què són les Estructures Causatives?

Les estructures causatives permeten expressar:

  • Serveis professionals - accions realitzades per experts
  • Tasques delegades - quan altres fan feina per nosaltres
  • Processos externs - accions fetes fora del nostre control directe
  • Experiències passives - quan som receptors d'una acció

Have Something Done - Registre Formal

Estructura i Ús

"Have something done" s'utilitza principalment en contextos formals per expressar serveis professionals o tasques organitzades.

Subject + HAVE + Object + Past Participle
Exemples Formals:
• I had my car serviced at the dealership.
• She has her taxes prepared by an accountant.
• We will have the documents translated professionally.
• They had their house renovated last summer.

Get Something Done - Registre Informal

Estructura i Ús

"Get something done" és més informal i sovint implica més esforç personal o urgència en aconseguir que es faci la tasca.

Subject + GET + Object + Past Participle
Exemples Informals:
• I need to get my phone fixed urgently.
• She got her hair cut at the new salon.
• We should get the computer checked soon.
• He finally got his passport renewed.

Diferències entre Have i Get

Registre i Context

Encara que ambdues estructures expressen la mateixa idea bàsica, tenen diferències importants:

HAVE something done:
• Més formal i neutral
• Serveis regulars o planificats
• Contextos professionals
• "I have my car serviced annually."

GET something done:
• Més informal i dinàmic
• Urgència o esforç personal
• Conversa quotidiana
• "I must get my car fixed immediately!"

Estructures Causatives amb Diferents Temps

Variacions Temporals

Les estructures causatives poden utilitzar-se amb tots els temps verbals:

Amb HAVE:
• Present: I have my emails checked daily.
• Past: She had her presentation reviewed.
• Future: We will have the system upgraded.
• Present Perfect: They have had their office redesigned.

Amb GET:
• Present: I get my car washed weekly.
• Past: He got his laptop repaired yesterday.
• Future: We'll get the documents signed tomorrow.
• Present Perfect: She has gotten her visa approved.

Exercicis Pràctics - Have/Get Something Done

Seleccioneu la forma correcta de l'estructura causativa. Considereu el registre formal/informal i el context apropiat.

1. I need to _____ my computer _____ before the presentation.
get / fixed
have / fix
get / fix
have / fixing
2. The company _____ all documents _____ by certified translators.
has / translated
gets / translate
have / translating
get / translated
3. She _____ her hair _____ at the new salon downtown.
have / cut
got / cut
get / cutting
had / cutting
4. We will _____ the system _____ next month.
have / upgraded
get / upgrade
have / upgrade
got / upgraded
5. I must _____ my passport _____ before the trip.
get / renewed
have / renew
get / renew
have / renewing
6. The CEO _____ the report _____ by the research team.
had / prepared
got / prepare
have / preparing
get / prepared
7. They _____ their house _____ every spring.
have / painted
get / paint
have / paint
got / painting
8. I should _____ my eyes _____ by an optometrist.
get / check
have / checked
have / check
got / checked
9. She finally _____ her bike _____ after the accident.
have / repaired
got / repaired
get / repair
had / repair
10. We _____ the contract _____ by our legal team.
have had / reviewed
have got / review
had have / reviewed
got have / reviewed
11. I need to _____ this document _____ urgently.
get / signed
have / sign
get / sign
have / signing
12. The university _____ all research papers _____ by external reviewers.
has / evaluated
gets / evaluate
have / evaluating
got / evaluate
13. He _____ his car _____ at the garage yesterday.
have / serviced
had / serviced
get / serviced
got / service
14. We should _____ the software _____ before the launch.
get / test
have / tested
have / test
got / tested
15. She _____ her thesis _____ by three professors.
got / supervise
had / supervised
have / supervising
get / supervised
16. I will _____ my phone _____ if it keeps crashing.
get / replaced
have / replace
get / replace
have / replacing
17. The company _____ its logo _____ by a professional designer.
had / redesigned
got / redesign
have / redesigning
get / redesigned
18. I _____ my watch _____ at the jewelry store.
have / clean
got / cleaned
get / clean
had / clean
19. They _____ their wedding photos _____ professionally.
had / taken
got / take
have / taking
get / taken
20. We need to _____ the presentation _____ before tomorrow's meeting.
get / finished
have / finish
get / finish
have / finishing

Resultats - Have/Get Something Done

Puntuació: 0/20

Continueu practicant les estructures causatives!

Resum Executiu:

  • Have something done: Formal, serveis professionals
  • Get something done: Informal, urgència, esforç personal
  • Estructura: Subject + have/get + object + past participle
  • Ús: Accions realitzades per altres per nosaltres

Introducció al Reported Speech

El reported speech (estil indirecte) s'utilitza per reportar el que algú ha dit sense utilitzar les seves paraules exactes. És fonamental en contextos acadèmics, periodístics i professionals per transmetre informació de manera precisa.

Què és el Reported Speech?

El reported speech permet:

  • Reportar declaracions - transmetre el que altres han dit
  • Crear distància temporal - separar el moment de parlar del moment de reportar
  • Mantenir objectivitat - en contextos acadèmics i periodístics
  • Resumir converses - condensar informació de manera eficient

Canvis de Temps Verbals

Regles de Transformació

Quan reportem el que algú va dir en el passat, els temps verbals normalment canvien seguint aquestes regles:

Canvis Principals:
• Present Simple → Past Simple
• Present Continuous → Past Continuous
• Past Simple → Past Perfect
• Present Perfect → Past Perfect
• Will → Would
• Can → Could
• May → Might
• Must → Had to
Direct: "I work here." → Reported: He said (that) he worked there.

Canvis de Pronoms i Adverbis

Adaptacions Necessàries

Els pronoms i adverbis de temps i lloc també canvien per mantenir el sentit correcte:

Pronoms:
• I → he/she
• You → I/he/she (segons el context)
• We → they
• My → his/her
• Our → their

Adverbis de temps i lloc:
• Now → then
• Today → that day
• Tomorrow → the next day
• Yesterday → the day before
• Here → there
• This → that

Reporting Verbs Especialitzats

Varietat de Verbs Introductors

Més enllà de "say" i "tell", existeixen molts verbs que aporten matisos específics al significat:

Verbs per Tipus de Declaració:
• Afirmacions: state, declare, announce, claim
• Suggeriments: suggest, propose, recommend
• Ordres: order, command, instruct
• Peticions: ask, request, beg
• Advertències: warn, advise, caution
• Promeses: promise, guarantee, assure
• Queixes: complain, protest, object

Estil Directe vs. Indirecte

Comparació i Usos

Cada estil té els seus contextos apropiats segons el propòsit comunicatiu:

Estil Directe:
• Paraules exactes entre cometes
• Més immediat i dramàtic
• "I will finish the project tomorrow," she said.

Estil Indirecte:
• Paràfrasi sense cometes
• Més formal i objectiu
• She said that she would finish the project the next day.

Exercicis Pràctics - Reported Speech

Seleccioneu la forma correcta del reported speech. Considereu els canvis de temps, pronoms i adverbis necessaris.

1. "I am working on the project now." → She said that she _____ on the project _____.
was working / then
is working / now
worked / then
works / now
2. "We will announce the results tomorrow." → The director said they _____ the results _____.
would announce / the next day
will announce / tomorrow
announced / the next day
would announce / tomorrow
3. "I have finished my assignment." → He told me that he _____ his assignment.
has finished
had finished
finished
would finish
4. "You must submit the report by Friday." → The manager _____ that I _____ submit the report by Friday.
said / must
insisted / had to
told / must
asked / should
5. "Can you help me with this task?" → She _____ me if I _____ help her with that task.
asked / could
said / can
told / could
requested / can
6. "I went to the conference yesterday." → She mentioned that she _____ to the conference _____.
went / yesterday
had gone / the day before
goes / the day before
had gone / yesterday
7. "Don't forget to call me." → He _____ me not to forget to call _____.
reminded / him
said / me
told / me
asked / him
8. "I may attend the meeting." → She said she _____ attend the meeting.
may
might
could
would
9. "We are launching the product next month." → The CEO _____ that they _____ the product the following month.
announced / were launching
said / are launching
told / launched
declared / will launch
10. "I have never seen this document before." → He _____ that he _____ that document before.
said / has never seen
claimed / had never seen
told / never saw
stated / never sees
11. "Please send me the report." → She _____ me to send _____ the report.
asked / her
said / me
told / her
requested / me
12. "I was working late last night." → He explained that he _____ late _____.
was working / last night
had been working / the night before
worked / the night before
had worked / last night
13. "You should review your notes." → The teacher _____ that I _____ review my notes.
advised / should
said / must
told / would
suggested / could
14. "I will call you tomorrow." → She _____ that she _____ call me _____.
promised / would / the next day
said / will / tomorrow
told / would / tomorrow
promised / will / the next day
15. "Where did you put my keys?" → He _____ me where I _____ his keys.
asked / had put
said / put
told / had put
asked / put
16. "Don't make noise in the library." → The librarian _____ us not to make noise in the library.
said
warned
asked
suggested
17. "I am sorry I am late." → She _____ for _____ late.
apologized / being
said / being
told / arriving
explained / coming
18. "Let's have a meeting next week." → He _____ having a meeting the following week.
suggested
said
told
asked
19. "I didn't steal the money." → He _____ stealing the money.
said not
denied
refused
rejected
20. "Congratulations on your promotion!" → She _____ me _____ my promotion.
congratulated / on
said / for
told / about
praised / for

Resultats - Reported Speech

Puntuació: 0/20

Continueu practicant el reported speech!

Resum Executiu:

  • Canvis de temps: Present → Past, Will → Would, etc.
  • Canvis de pronoms: I → he/she, You → I/he/she
  • Canvis d'adverbis: Now → then, Today → that day
  • Reporting verbs: Say, tell, ask, suggest, promise, etc.